El rol del eje cerebro-intestino en las enfermedades neurodegenerativas
Palabras clave:
Eje cerebro-intestino, Microbiota intestinal, Disbiosis, Enfermedades neurodegenerativas, Parkinson, Alzheimer, EpilepsiaResumen
En los últimos años se ha investigado fuertemente el papel de la microbiota del tracto digestivo y su relación con el sistema nervioso central, en el denominado eje intestino-cerebro, que establece interacciones de manera bidireccional. Los estudios científicos han proporcionado datos que contribuyen a la comprensión de este eje, que parece mantenerse a través de la vinculación vía nervio vago y a través de la vía circulatoria, por las cuales pueden liberarse y difundir neurotransmisores, hormonas, citoquinas y otros metabolitos, entre ellos toxinas. Estos sistemas de comunicación se ven determinados por la composición de la microbiota y a su vez, la composición de la misma se ve afectada por procesos centrales. Todos estos procesos incluyen al sistema inmunológico, que interactúa íntimamente con el sistema nervioso entérico y el intestino. Aunque se trata de mecanismos que no han sido totalmente dilucidados, este eje se postula como una posible base patógena para numerosos trastornos neurológicos de gran impacto, como la enfermedad de Alzheimer, la enfermedad de Parkinson y la epilepsia. Esta revisión recoge información sobre estudios recientes que apoyan y aportan a la descripción de la participación del eje cerebro-intestino en la aparición de estas entidades neurodegenerativas.
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