Impacto de la vía del parto en la transición respiratoria neonatal del prematuro: Diferencias fisiopatológicas y moleculares.

Autores/as

Palabras clave:

Función respiratoria, plan de parto, nacimiento prematuro, fisiología respiratoria, enfermedades neonatales.

Resumen

Introducción: El parto prematuro, antes de las 37 semanas, es una causa importante de morbilidad y mortalidad neonatal, especialmente por complicaciones respiratorias asociadas a la inmadurez pulmonar. La transición a la vida extrauterina implica adaptaciones como la producción de surfactante y la eliminación del líquido alveolar, procesos influenciados por la vía del parto. El parto vaginal favorece mecanismos hormonales y mecánicos que facilitan esta adaptación, mientras que la cesárea electiva sin trabajo de parto se vincula a un mayor riesgo de dificultades respiratorias. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión en MEDLINE y Elsevier, con términos en español e inglés como “función respiratoria”, “parto prematuro”, “parto vaginal” y “cesárea”. Se seleccionaron artículos recientes, con texto completo y revisión por pares, centrados en la fisiología respiratoria neonatal, la adaptación pulmonar y las complicaciones según la vía del parto. Esta estrategia permitió comparar críticamente su impacto en la función respiratoria neonatal. Conclusiones: La evidencia sugiere que el parto vaginal, comparado con la cesárea electiva sin trabajo de parto, favorece una mejor adaptación respiratoria en prematuros. Sin embargo, factores como la edad gestacional, el uso de corticoides prenatales, las infecciones maternas y las condiciones clínicas fetales también influyen en los desenlaces respiratorios. Por tanto, la vía del parto debe considerarse dentro de un enfoque clínico integral para optimizar el manejo perinatal.

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Biografía del autor/a

  • Maria Fernanda Bolivar-Bedoya, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana (Colombia).

    Estudiante de Medicina.

Referencias

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Publicado

2026-06-26

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Revisión de la literatura

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Impacto de la vía del parto en la transición respiratoria neonatal del prematuro: Diferencias fisiopatológicas y moleculares. (2026). Salutem Scientia Spiritus, 12(1), 115-120. http://revistas.javerianacali.edu.co/index.php/salutemscientiaspiritus/article/view/1828