El viroma humano y su papel en las enfermedades: Una revisión narrativa.
Palabras clave:
Viroma humano, microbioma, metagenómica, disbiosis, enfermedades humanas.Resumen
Introducción: El viroma humano comprende el conjunto de virus que colonizan de manera permanente o transitoria el organismo, incluyendo virus eucariotas y bacteriófagos. Aunque históricamente el interés de investigación se centró en la microbiota bacteriana, el desarrollo de tecnologías de secuenciación ha permitido reconocer al viroma como un componente integral, dinámico y funcional del microbioma humano, con implicaciones en la salud. El objetivo de esta revisión es sintetizar y contextualizar críticamente la evidencia científica disponible sobre el viroma humano y su asociación con procesos patológicos. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión narrativa de la literatura mediante búsquedas sistemáticas en PubMed, incluyendo estudios publicados entre 2015 y 2025. Se priorizaron estudios originales, metaanálisis, revisiones sistemáticas y narrativas en población humana. Resultados: Tras la aplicación de criterios de inclusión, exclusión y una evaluación crítica del contenido, se seleccionó un total de 74 artículos. Discusión: La evidencia analizada indica que las alteraciones del viroma, caracterizadas por cambios en la diversidad y la abundancia relativa de virus eucariotas y bacteriófagos, se asocian de manera consistente con estados de disbiosis microbiana e inflamación crónica. Estas asociaciones han sido descritas en un amplio espectro de patologías, incluyendo enfermedades gastrointestinales, respiratorias, endocrinas, infecciosas, inmunológicas y neuropsiquiátricas. No obstante, la predominancia de estudios observacionales limita la inferencia causal y subraya la necesidad de estudios longitudinales y funcionales. Conclusión: El viroma humano es un modulador de la homeostasis huésped-microbioma y representa una frontera estratégica para el desarrollo de técnicas diagnósticas y enfoques terapéuticos innovadores en el contexto de la medicina de precisión.
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Derechos de autor 2026 Jhon Esterilla-Viafara, Sebastián Cuadros-Mateus, Sofía Sánchez-Palau, Juan Pablo Rojas Hernández
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