Impacto del consumo materno de cannabis, opioides y alcohol sobre el neurodesarrollo a corto y largo plazo: Una comparación
Palabras clave:
Neurodesarrollo, Embarazo, Lactante, Cannabis, Etanol, OpioidesResumen
El consumo de sustancias psicoactivas durante el embarazo ha tenido una tendencia creciente en los últimos años, siendo considerado en la actualidad cómo un problema de salud pública, principalmente por su alta morbilidad y mortalidad materno-fetal. Las sustancias psicoactivas que se consumen con mayor frecuencia durante el embarazo son el alcohol y el cannabis, aunque los opioides han mostrado un aumento significativo en su consumo por madres gestantes debido a su efecto analgésico. Las propiedades químicas de estas sustancias, como su alta permeabilidad en la barrera placentaria y el paso de estas hacia la leche materna, son factores que influyen en su capacidad de ingresar a compartimentos en directa relación con el feto o lactante y representan un peligro potencial para su neurodesarrollo, ya que pueden interrumpir el desarrollo normal del sistema nervioso central en la embriogénesis y durante el periodo neonatal. El impacto del consumo materno de estas sustancias durante periodos críticos del desarrollo embrionario incluye efectos que se pueden manifestar a corto plazo cómo son los errores de migración neuronal, desarrolló estructural del encéfalo y alteraciones anatómicas craneofaciales, y largo plazo donde presentan problemas del desarrollo psicomotor, lenguaje y funciones cognitivas. El objetivo de este artículo es realizar una comparación entre el consumo materno de cannabis, opioides y alcohol sobre el neurodesarrollo a corto y largo plazo, realizando una búsqueda a partir de los motores bibliográficos Pubmed, Embase, Scielo y UptoDate con las palabras clave: “cannabis”, “marihuana”, “alcohol”, “ethanol”, “opioids”, “pregnancy”, “embarazo”, “maternal”, “neurodevelopment”, “neurodesarrollo”, “brain”, “development”. Se incluyeron artículos de investigación originales, revisiones sistemáticas de literatura, guías, revisiones de tema y reportes de caso en inglés y en español.
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