Relación entre la microbiota intestinal y la aparición de diferentes tipos de anemia.
Palabras clave:
Microbiota, microbioma, disbiosis, anemia, relación microbiota intestinal-anemia.Resumen
El tracto gastrointestinal alberga aproximadamente el 70 % de la microbiota del cuerpo humano, desempeñando un papel fundamental en la digestión, absorción y metabolismo de nutrientes, así como en la síntesis de micronutrientes como hierro, ácido fólico y vitamina B12. Estos procesos pueden influir en la hematopoyesis y contribuir al desarrollo de anemias, principalmente las carenciales, como la ferropénica, la megaloblástica y la perniciosa. La anemia, definida como la disminución de la concentración de hemoglobina sérica, constituye un problema de salud pública que afecta a millones de personas a nivel mundial, siendo la deficiencia de hierro su causa principal. Estudios recientes han demostrado que la microbiota intestinal está implicada en el metabolismo del hierro y de otros nutrientes involucrados en la aparición y progresión de distintos tipos de anemia. Por ello, se ha propuesto que las alteraciones en la microbiota tienen una relación bidireccional con la fisiopatología de la enfermedad y con la respuesta al tratamiento. Algunas especies probióticas, como Lactobacillus fermentum y Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 299v, han mostrado mejorar la biodisponibilidad del hierro y de otros micronutrientes esenciales. Se seleccionaron diversas fuentes bibliográficas en las bases de datos Medline, SpringerLink y ScienceDirect, incluyendo trabajos originales y revisiones relacionadas con la relación entre la microbiota intestinal y el desarrollo de anemia. La microbiota intestinal desempeña un papel importante en el desarrollo y tratamiento de ciertos tipos de anemia, por lo que la modulación de estos ecosistemas microbianos constituye un posible objetivo terapéutico para optimizar la respuesta al tratamiento.
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