Efectos cognitivos y conductuales secundarios al consumo de metanfetaminas.
Palabras clave:
MDMA, Metanfetaminas, Abuso de sustancias, Cognición, Cerebro adictoResumen
El éxtasis o 3,4-metilenedioxmetanfetamina (MDMA), es una droga simpaticomimética de metabolismo hepático, popular entre los jóvenes por sus efectos de euforia, extroversión, experiencias sensoriales aumentadas, desrealización moderada, empatía y facilitación de las relaciones interpersonales. El presente artículo revisa a profundidad el tema de los efectos cognitivos y conductuales agudos, subagudos y crónicos generados por el consumo de MDMA de acuerdo a literatura publicada entre 2000-2020. Se describen cambios a nivel social agudos, como el reforzamiento de conductas prosociales, y crónicos, como la disminución en las tareas empáticas y la aparición de conductas agresivas. En cuanto a las funciones mentales superiores, se encontró que en consumidores crónicos hay una disminución del procesamiento y almacenamiento de la información, alteraciones en la memoria operativa, verbal y visual, pobreza en el lenguaje verbal y dificultad en la toma de decisiones asociada a mayor impulsividad. En el afecto, se evidenció que las personas presentaban síntomas asociados con depresión y ansiedad, y aumento de la prevalencia de episodios psicóticos, tanto aguda como crónicamente. Según estos hallazgos, el MDMA es una sustancia con efectos nocivos en el procesamiento de tareas de cognición social, funciones ejecutivas, modulación afectiva, percepción de la realidad y, finalmente, deterioro de la calidad de vida del consumidor crónico.
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